Bibliografía del artículo
1. Zimmet P, Alberti KGM, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the epidemic. Nature 414:782-787, 2001.
2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27:1047-1053, 2004.
3. Roglic G, Unwin N, King H y col. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2130-2135, 2005.
4. Kahan R. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183-1193, 1997.
5. Lebovitz HE. Type 2 diabetes: An overview. Clin Chem 45:1339-1345, 1999.
6. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414:813-820, 2001.
7. Thornally PJ, Jahan I, Ng R. Suppression of the accumulation of triosaphosphates and increased formation of methylglyoxal in human red blood cells during hyperglycaemia by thiamine in vitro. J Biochem 129:543-549, 2001.
8. Ulrich P, Cerami A. Protein glycation, diabetes, and aging. Recent Progress in Hormonal Research 56:1-21, 2001.
9. Thornalley PJ. Glycation in diabetic neuropathy: characteristics, consequences, causes and therapeutic options. Int Rev Neurobiol 50:37-57, 2002.
10. Gabay KH. Hyperglicaemia, Polyol metabolism, and complications of diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 26:521-536, 1975.
11. Marshall S, Bacote V, Traxinger RR. Discovery of a metabolic pathway mediating glucose-induced desensitization of the glucose transport system. Role of hexosamine biosynthesis in the induction of insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 266:4706-4712, 1991.
12. Koya D, King GL. Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes 47:859-866, 1998.
13. Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48:1-9, 1999.
14. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3ra. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:24-38, 2003.
15. Turner R. The U.K. prospective diabetes study. A review. Diabetes Care 21:C35-C38, 1998.
16. Fore W. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The prevention of complications. Med Clin North Am 79:287-298, 1995.
17. American Diabetes Association. Consensus statement: role of cardiovascular risk factors in prevention and treatment of macro-vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 16:72-78, 1993.
18. Cai L, Kang YJ. Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyophaty: a brief review. Cardiovasc Toxicol 1:181-193, 2001.
19. De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, Lameire NH, Vanhoutte PM. Endotelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 130:963-974, 2000.
20. Morauski CJ, Skinner SL, Stubbs AJ. The renin-angiotensin system influences ocular endothelial cell proliferation in diabetes: transgenic and interventional studies. Am J Pathol 162:151-160, 2003.
21. Stitt A, Gardiner TA, Anderson NL y col. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 51:2826-2832, 2002.
22. Kadoglou NP, Daskalopoulou SS, Perrea D, Liapis CD. Matrix metalloproteinase and diabetic vascular complications. Angiology 56:173-189, 2005.
23. Rahbar S. The discovery of glycated hemoglobin. A major event in the study of nonenzymatic chemistry in biological systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:9-19, 2005.
24. Thornelly PJ. Dicarbonyl intermediates in the Maillard reaction. Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:111-117, 2005.
25. Monier VM, Mustata GT, Biemel KL, Reihl O, Ledered MO, Sell DR y col. Cross-linking of extracelular matrix by the Maillard reaction in aging and diabetes. An update on "a puzzle nearing resolution". Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:533-544, 2005.
26. Lapolla A, Fedele D, Tradi P. Glyco-oxidation in diabetes and related diseases. Clin Chim Acta 357:236-250, 2005.
27. Osawa T, Kato Y. Protective role of antioxidative food factors in oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:440-451, 2005.
28. Suzuki D, Toyuda M, Yagime M y col. Relationship between the expression of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) mRNA in diabetic nephropathy. Intern Med 45:435-441, 2006.
29. Kim W, Hudson BI, Schmidt AM y col. Receptors for advanced glycation end products and its ligands: a journey from the complications of diabetes to its patogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:553-561, 2005.
30. Forbes JM, Soldatos G, Thomas MC. Below the radar: advanced glycation end products that detour "around the side". Es HbA1c not an accurate enough predictor of long term progression and glycaemic control in diabetes. Clin Biochem Rev 26:123-134, 2005.
31. McRobert EA, Gallicchio M, Jerums G, Cooper ME, Bach LA. The amino-terminal domains of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins bind advanced glycation end products, an interaction that may play a role in the development of diabetic complications. J Biol Chem 278:25783-9, 2003.
32. Cipollone F, Lezzi A, Mezzetti A y col. The receptor RAGE as a progresión factor amplifying arachidonate-dependent inflammatory and proteolytic response in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of glycemic control. Circulation 108:1070-1077, 2003.
33. Yonekura H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H y col. Novel splicing variants of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) expressed in human vascular endotelial cells and prericytes, and their putative roles in diabetic-induced vascular injury. Biochem J 370:1097-1109, 2003.
34. Yamamoto Y, Doi T, Yamamoto H y col. Receptors for advanced glycation end products is a promising target of diabetic nephropathy. Ann NY Acad Sci 1043:562-566, 2005.
35. Thornalley PJ. The enzymatic defense against glycation in health, disease and therapeutics: A symposium to examine the concept. Biochem. Soc Trans 31:1441-1342, 2003.
36. Wu X, Monnier VM. Enzymatic deglycation of proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 419:16-24, 2003.
37. Szwergold B. S. Intrinsic toxicity of glucose, due to non-enzymatic glycation, is controlled in-vivo by deglycation systems including: FN3K-mediated deglycation of fructosamines and transglycation of aldosamines. Med Hypot 65:337-348, 2005.
38. Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N., Ahmed N., Bata S., Thornalley PJ. Prevention of incipient diabetic nephropathy by high-dose thiamine and benfotiamine. Diabetes 52:2110-2120, 2003.
39. Hammes HP, Du X, Brownlee M y col. Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents diabetic experimental retinophathy. Nat Med 9:294-299, 2003.
40. Beisswenger P, Ruggiero-Lopez D. Metformin inhibition of glication process. Diabetes Metab 29:6S95-103, 2003.
41. Hodgkinson AD, Sondergaard KL, Yang B, Cross DF, Mill ward BA, Demaine AG. Aldose reductase expression is induced by hyperglycemia in diabetic nephropathy. Kitney Int 60:211-218, 2001.
42. Meister A. Biochemistry of glutathione. En Metabolism of sulfur compounds. De, D.M. Greenberg. Academic Press New York pp. 101-188, 1975.
43. Diplock AT. Antioxidants and free radical scavengers. En: Free radical damage and its control. Rice-Evans CA, Burdon RH. Elsevier Science LLM (Eds). Elsevier Science B. V. Edición Amsterdan 99 113-130, 1994.
44. Trueblood N, Ramasamy R. Aldose reductase inhibition improves altered glucose metabolism of isolated diabetic rat hearts. Am J Physiol 275:H75-H83, 1998.
45. Gabay KH. Hyperglycemia, polyol metabolism, and complicantios of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med v521-536, 1975.
46. Fukase S, Sato S, Mori K, Secchi EF, Kador PF. Polyol pathway and NADPH-dependent reductases in dog leukocytes. J Diabetes Complications 10:304-313, 1996.
47. Knecht E, Roche E. The reduction-oxidation status may influence the degradation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 206:339-342, 1986.
48. Morgan PE, Dean RT, Davis MJ. Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by peptide and protein peroxides generated by singlet oxygen attack. Euro J Biochem 269:1916-1925, 2002.
49. Alexander MC, Lomato M, Nasrin N, Ramaika C. Insulin stimulates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expressión through cis-acting DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5092-5096, 1988.
50. Novotny MV, Yancey MF, Yanuy MF, Stuart R, Weisler D, Peterson RG. Inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by endogenous aldehydes: a possible relation to diabetic neuropathies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1226:145-150, 1994.
51. Beisswenger PJ, Howell SK, Smith K, Szwergold BS. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as an independent modifier of methylglyoxal levels in diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1637:98-106, 2003.
52. Burg M y Kador PF. Sorbitol, osmoregulation, and the complications of diabetes. J Clin Inv 81:635-640, 1988.
53. Lee AY, Chung SS. Contributions of polyol pathway to oxidative stress in diabetic cataract. FASEB J 13:23-30, 1999.
54. Naruse K, Nakamura J, Hotta N y col. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents glucose-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes. Exp Eye Res 71:309-315, 2000.
55. Jaspan JB, Towle VL, Maselli R, Herold K. Clinical studies with an aldose reductase inhibitor in the automatic and somatic neuropathies of diabetes. Metabolism 35:83-92, 1986.
56. Foppiano M, Lombardo G. Worldwide pharmacovigilance systems and tolrestat withdrawal. Lancet 349:399-400, 1997.
57. Davids J (Ed): Pfizer suspends zenarestat. Scrip 2584:24 (October 18 th), 2000.
58. Nigishi H, Toyota T, Sakamoto N. Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care 24:1776-1782, 2001.
59. Koim-Litty V, Sauer U, Nerlich A, Lehmann R, Schleicher ED. High glucose-induced transforming growth factor beta 1 production is mediated by the hexosamine pathway in porcine glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 101:160-169, 1998.
60. Du XL, Edelstein D, Brownlee M y col. Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12222-12226, 2000.
61. Gronning LM, Tingsabadh R, Ardí K, Dalew KT, Jat PS, Shepherd PR y col. Glucosa induces increases in levels of the transcriptional factor represor Id2 via the hexosamine pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290:E599-E606, 2006.
62. Buse MG. Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290:E1-E8, 2006.
63. Wells L, Vosseller K, Hart GW. Glycosylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins: Signal transduction and O-GlcNAc. Science 291:2376-2378, 2001.
64. Goldberg HJ, Witheside CI, Hart GW, Fantus G. Posttranslational, reversible O-glycosilation is stimulated by high glucose and mediates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression and Sp1 transcriptional activity in glomerular mesangial cells. Endocrinology 147:222-231, 2001.
65. Werstuck GH, Khan MI, Femia G, Kim AJ, Tedesco V, Trigatti B, Shi Y. Glucosamine-induced endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in a hyperglycemic mouse model. Diabetes 55:93-101, 2006.
66. Ron D. Hyperhomocysteinemia and function of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Clin Invest 107:1221-1222, 2001.
67. Ozcan U, Cao Q, Hotamisligil GS y col. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 306:457-461, 2004.
68. Kaufman RJ. Orchestrating the unfolded protein response in health and disease. J Clin Invest 110: 1389-1398, 2002.
69. Kaufman RJ, Scheuner D, Arnold SM y col. The unfolded protein response in nutriet sensing and differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:411-421, 2002.
70. Kim AJ, Shi Y, Austin RC, Werstuck GH. Valproate protects cells from ER stress-induced lipid accumulation and apoptosis by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Cell Sci 118:89-99, 2005.
71. Hossain GS, Van Thienen JV, Werstuck GH, Zhou J, Sood SK, Dickhout JG. TDAG51 is induced by homocysteine, promotes detachment-mediated programmed cell death, and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemia. J Biol Chem 278: 30317-30327, 2003.
72. Robertson LA, Klim AJ, Werstuck GH. Mechanisms linking diabetes mellitus to the development of atherosclerosis: a role for reticulum stress and glycogen synthase kinase-3. Can J Phisiol Pharmacol 84:39-48, 2006.
73. Ramana KV, Friedrich B, Tammali R, West MB, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava SK. Requirement of aldose reductase for the hyperglycemic activation of protein kinase C and formation of diacylglycerol in vascular smooth muscle cells. Diabetes 54:818-829, 2005.
74. Godbout JP, Pesavento J, Hartman ME, Manson SR, Freund GG. Methylglyoxal enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by activating protein kinase C delta. J Biol Chem 277:2554-2561, 2002.
75. Filippis A, Clark S, Proietto J. Increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway inhibits glucose transport acutely by activation of protein kinase C. Biochem J 324:981-985, 1997.
76. Scivittaro V, Ganz MB, Weiss MF. AGEs induce oxidative stress and activate protein kinase C-beta (11) in neonatal mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F676-F683, 2000.
77. Lindschau C, Quass P, Haller H y col. Glucose-induced TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta receptor-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by protein kinase C-alpha. Hypertension 42:335-341, 2003.
78. Xia L, Wang H, Goldberg HJ, Munk S, Fantus IG, Whiteside CI. Mesangial cell NADPH oxidase upregulation in high glucose is protein kinase C dependent and required for collagen IV expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290:F345-F356, 2006.
79. Inoguchi T, Li P, Nawata H. High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes 49:1939-1945, 2000.
80. Cardillo C, Campia U, Bryant MB, Panza JA. Increased activity of endogenous endothelin in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Circulation 106:1783-1787, 2002.
81. Perfetto F, Tarquini R, Tapparini L, Tarquini B. Influence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. J Diabetes Complications 12:187-192, 1998.
82. Taylor I, Tennenbaum T, Kuroki T, Eldar-Finkelman H. PKC-delta-dependent activation of oxidative stress in adipocytes of obese and insulin-resistant mice: role for NADPH oxidase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E405-E411, 2005.
83. Igarashi M, Wakasaki H, King GL y col.. Glucose or diabetes activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase via different pathways. J Clin Invest 103:185-195, 1999.
84. Shiba T, Inoguchi T, Sportsman JR, Heath WF, Bursell S, King GL. Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation. Am J Physiol 265:E783-E793, 1993.
85. Koya D, Jirousek MR, Lin YW, Ishii H, Kuboki K, King GL. Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform activation on the gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta, extracellular matrix components, and prostanoids in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 100:115-126, 1997.
86. Stawowy P, Margeta C, Graf K y col. Protein kinase C epsilon mediates angiotensin II-induced activation of beta1-integrins in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovascular Research 67:6-8, 2005.
87. Hayashida T, Schanaper HW. High ambient glucose enhances sensitivity to TGF-beta 1 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase C delta activities in human mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2032-2041, 2004.
88. Park JY, Takahara N, King GL y col. Induction of endothelin-1 expression by glucose: an effect of protein kinase C activation. Diabetes 49:1239-1248, 2000.
89. Nonaka A, Kiryu J, Ogura Y y col. PKC-beta inhibitor (LY333531) attenuates leukocyte entrapment in retinal microcirculation of diabetic rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2702-2706, 2000.
90. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Gilbert RE y col. Protein kinase C beta inhibition attenuates the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the presence of continued hypertension. Diabetes 52:512-518, 2003.
91. Cotter MA, Jack AM, Cameron NE. Effects of the protein kinase C beta inhibitor LY333531 on neural and vascular function in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Clin Sci 103:311-321, 2002.
92. Beckman JA, Goldfine AB, Gordon MB, Garrett LA, Creager MA. Inhibition of Protein Kinase Cß Prevents Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation Caused by Hyperglycemia in Humans. Circ Res 90:107-111, 2002.
93. Aiello LP, Clermont A, Arora V, Davis MD, Sheetz MJ, Bursell SE. Inhibition of PKC beta by oral administration of ruboxistaurin is well tolerated and ameliorates diabetes-induced retinal hemodynamic abnormalities in patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:86-92, 2006.
94. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Brownlee M y col. 2000. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 404:787-790, 2000.
95. Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Diabetes and mitochondrial function: Role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 212:167-178, 2006.
96. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications. A Unifying mechanism. Diabetes 54, 1615-1625, 2005.
97. Russell JW, Golovoy D, Vincent AM, Mahendru P, Olzmann JA, Feldman EL y col. High glucose induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. FASEB Journal 16:1738-1748, 2002.
98. Yu T, Robotham JL, Yoon Y. Increased production of reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic conditions requires dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:2653-2658, 2006.
99. McLennan SV, Wang XY, Moreno V, Yue DK, Twigg SM. Connective tissue growth factor mediates high glucose effects on matrix degradation through tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases type 1: implications for diabetic nephropathy. Endocrinology 145:5646-5655, 2004.
100. Xia L, Wang H, Goldberg HJ, Munk S, Fantus IG, Witheside CI. Mesangial cell NADPH oxidase upregulation in high glucose is protein kinase C dependent and required for collagen IV expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290:F345-F356, 2006.
101. Yamagishi S, Matsui T, Nakamura K, Takeuchi M. Minodronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced vascular cell adhesión molecule-1 expression in endotelial cells by supressing reactive oxygen species generation. Int J Tissue React 27:189-195, 2005.
102. Yamaghishi S, Nakamura K, Matsui T, Takeuchi M. Minodronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, is a promising remedy for treating patients with diabetic retinophaty. Med Hypot 66:273-275, 2006.
103. Díaz Flores M, Ibáñez Hernández MA, Baiza Gutman LA y col. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and NADPH/NADP(+) ratio in liver and pancreas are dependent on the severity of hyperglycemia in rat. Life Sciences 78; 2601-2607, 2006.