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IMPORTANCIA DEL MICROBIOMA EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y APLICACIONES MEDICAS

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IMPORTANCIA DEL MICROBIOMA EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y APLICACIONES MEDICAS

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Los estudios del microbioma pronto serán parte fundamental en el área médica. Al mismo tiempo, los avances en tecnologías de secuenciación y biología sintética y las aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial en el procesamiento de datos permiten nuevos abordajes en diagnósticos, tratamientos y análisis clínicos de diversas enfermedades.
Autor:
Andrés Zuñiga Orozco
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad Estatal a Distancia

Artículos publicados por Andrés Zuñiga Orozco
Coautores
María Mercedes Oreamuno Rodríguez* Thomaz Satuye Prieto de Lima** Verónica Arias Pérez* Keilor Rojas Jiménez*** 
Licenciada en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica*
Bachiller en biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica**
Investigador, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica***
Aprobación
28 de Febrero, 2023 		Primera edición
1 de Marzo, 2023 		Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
4 de Abril, 2024

IMPORTANCIA DEL MICROBIOMA EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y APLICACIONES MEDICAS

Resumen
Recientes investigaciones han relacionado la microbiota intestinal con la salud humana en múltiples aspectos. La evolución de los estilos de vida ha determinado un cambio en la composición de las bacterias intestinales, así como la implicación que la comunidad de estas ejerce sobre la salud. Actualmente, se conoce que la mayoría de las bacterias presentes en el sistema gastrointestinal pertenecen principalmente a los fila Firmicutes y Bacterioidetes, aunque también se encuentran otros grupos tales como proteobacterias y actinobacterias. A medida que se avanza en el tracto gastrointestinal predominan algunos géneros de bacterias. Los efectos de la microbiota pueden ser directos e indirectos, además, dependen de muchos factores tales como la edad de la persona, el grupo etario, la genética del individuo, la dieta y el estilo de vida. Durante los últimos años, la accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido tener un acercamiento más estrecho a la microbiota intestinal. Esto, sumado a herramientas bioinformáticas, ha permitido establecer relaciones microbiales entre la cantidad y estructura poblacional y las manifestaciones clínicas en el ser humano. Algunas de las afecciones estudiadas y que tienen relación con la microbiota intestinal son: la obesidad, la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con el cerebro, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo mencionado, se hizo una recopilación de información de carácter científico en cuanto a estudios relevantes que describen la relación microbiota-salud humana, casos donde se observa compromiso del organismo, al mismo tiempo que se describen opciones terapéuticas propuestas y un abordaje de perspectivas futuras.

Palabras clave
microbiota, medicina de precisión, prebióticos, probióticos, microbioma


Artículo completo
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Importance of the microbiome in human health and medical implications

Abstract
Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual's genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives.

Key words
microbiota, precision medicine, prebiotics, probiotics, microbiome

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Gastroenterología, Salud Pública
Relacionadas: Atención Primaria, Bioquímica, Diabetología, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Genética Humana, Informática Biomédica, Medicina Interna, Oncología



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