UTILIDAD DE LA ESPECTROSCOPIA DE RESONANCIA MAGNETICA NUCLEAR COMO BIOMARCADOR EN LA ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER




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UTILIDAD DE LA ESPECTROSCOPIA DE RESONANCIA MAGNETICA NUCLEAR COMO BIOMARCADOR EN LA ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER

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Se hace una revision de la resonancia Magnetica espectroscopica como herramienta de deteccion de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en fases prodómicas. Se comentan las bases fisicas de esta tecnica y los estudios que se han hecho en la enfermedad de Alzeimer y el deterioro cognoscitivo leve, con los pros y los contras.
Autor:
Pedro J Modrego
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet. zaragoza. Spain


Artículos publicados por Pedro J Modrego
Recepción del artículo
19 de Noviembre, 2011
Aprobación
21 de Mayo, 2012
Primera edición
14 de Junio, 2012
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Los marcadores biológicos son cada vez más utilizados para el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). A pesar de que algunos biomarcadores son ampliamente empleados, como la volumetría del lóbulo temporal medial, la tomografía por emisión de positrones de amiloide y la detección de amiloide beta-42 en el líquido cefalorraquídeo, no existe un consenso claro sobre cuál es el mejor biomarcador a utilizar en cada fase de la enfermedad. La espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear (ERMN) del cerebro es un marcador biológico menos conocido, pero que ha demostrado ser útil en diversos estudios longitudinales y de corte transversal. Esta técnica evalúa los niveles de metabolitos que reflejan el grado de patología cerebral. El N-acetil aspartato (NAA, un marcador de densidad neuronal) disminuye y el mioinositol (un marcador de proliferación de la glía), aumenta a medida que avanza la enfermedad. La disminución de los niveles de NAA se ha detectado en las fases prodrómicas de la EA e, incluso, en los estadios presintomáticos, en portadores de mutaciones de la proteína tau y del amiloide. Los estudios longitudinales han demostrado una correlación entre los niveles de NAA y la progresión de la EA a pesar del tratamiento con inhibidores de la colinesterasa. A partir de los ensayos clínicos hemos aprendido que las terapias actuales tienen un efecto modesto sobre la progresión de la EA y que no tienen efectos neuroprotectores. Tal efecto modesto se refleja en las variaciones mínimas o nulas en los niveles de metabolitos que se han observado en los ensayos clínicos que utilizaron la ERMN como biomarcador.

Palabras clave
espectroscopia de resonancia magnética, enfermedad de Alzheimer


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Abstract
The use of biomarkers is growing in the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Although some biomarkers such as medial temporal lobe volumetry, amyloid PET, and Aß42 in CSF are being widely used, there is no clear consensus about the best biomarker to be used in each phase of the disease. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain is less known as biomarker but has proven useful according to cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. This technique measures metabolite levels that reflect the degree of pathology in the brain. N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal density, decreases and Myo-inositol, a marker of glial proliferation, increases as the disease progresses. Decreased NAA levels have been detected in the prodromal phases of AD and even in presymptomatic stages in carriers of tau and amyloid protein mutations. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated good correlation between NAA levels and progression of AD, even in spite of treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors. From clinical trials we have learned that the current therapies have a modest effect on AD progression and that they do not have neuroprotective effects. This modest effect is reflected in the modest or null changes in metabolite levels in clinical trials using MRS as biomarker.

Key words
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Alzheimer's disease


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Especialidades
Principal: Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Neurología
Relacionadas: Anatomía Patológica, Educación Médica, Geriatría, Medicina Interna, Salud Mental, Salud Pública



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Enviar correspondencia a:
Pedro Modrego, Department of Neurology. Hospital Miguel Servet, 50009, Avda Isabel la Catolica 1-3, Zaragoza, España
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