PROGRESOS EN LA ATENCION GINECOLOGICA EN LAS ADOLESCENTES





PROGRESOS EN LA ATENCION GINECOLOGICA EN LAS ADOLESCENTES

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Los problemas ginecológicos clínicos característicos de los adolescentes requieren atención y consideración especiales, además de conocimientos adecuados y experiencia. Se aportan datos para la evaluación y el tratamiento de los problemas más comunes que enfrentan los médicos clínicos.
Autor:
Eduardo Lara-torre
Columnista Experta de SIIC

Institución:
Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine


Artículos publicados por Eduardo Lara-torre
Coautores
Eduardo Lara-Torre* Joseph Sanfilippo** 
Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, EE.UU.*
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, EE.UU.**
Recepción del artículo
24 de Septiembre, 2012
Aprobación
6 de Noviembre, 2012
Primera edición
3 de Diciembre, 2012
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
Los nuevos avances en el campo de la salud reproductiva adolescente produjeron un interés creciente en el sistema de salud. En esta reseña se destacan los patrones de la práctica clínica y las normas recientes para la evaluación y el tratamiento de los temas ginecológicos de la adolescencia. En primer lugar, la comprensión de las técnicas apropiadas para la evaluación y el examen inicial, que son esenciales para hacer sentir a la paciente lo más cómoda posible y para el establecimiento de una relación a largo plazo. La medicina preventiva es clave en esta población y los médicos deberían hablar de modo sencillo con sus pacientes diversos temas tales como la sexualidad, los trastornos alimentarios, el abuso de sustancias y la violencia en la pareja. Además, debe procurarse que los médicos hablen en la consulta sobre la vacuna contra el papilomavirus humano (HPV) y la indiquen, así como que implementen las modificaciones recientes más conservadoras sobre la pesquisa con citología cervical y su tratamiento en la población adolescente. La frecuencia con la que las adolescentes se inician sexualmente hacen necesario el asesoramiento sobre los métodos anticonceptivos eficaces y la pesquisa apropiada sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual cuando sea necesario. Durante la transición por la pubertad, los trastornos menstruales son comunes y requieren la interconsulta por un ginecólogo. La etiología más frecuente de los sangrados es la anovulación. El síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos puede aparecer a comienzos de la pubertad y tiene consecuencias en la vida adulta. Por último, las consecuencias de la endometriosis sobre la fertilidad futura de los adolescentes merecen su pronto reconocimiento y tratamiento para evitar las repercusiones futuras de la enfermedad. Dados los progresos en el campo de la salud reproductiva de los adolescentes, revisamos los puntos sobresalientes de las normas y los patrones recientes de práctica clínica sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento de los temas ginecológicos en la adolescencia. Los problemas clínicos únicos de esta población requieren atención y consideración particulares y por parte de especialistas.

Palabras clave
atención de las adolescentes, anticoncepción, ginecología, adolescentes


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-14.8 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
New developments in the field of adolescent reproductive health have created enhanced interest for healthcare providers. This review highlights recent guidelines and practice patterns in evaluation and management of adolescent gynecologic issues. First, understanding the proper techniques for the initial evaluation and examination is essential for making the patient as comfortable as possible and for establishing a long-term relationship. Preventative healthcare is key in this population, and practitioners should be at ease discussing a variety of issues including sexuality, eating disorders, substance abuse, and dating violence. Additionally, practitioners are encouraged to discuss and provide the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, and implement the recent conservative changes to cervical cytology screening and management in adolescents. Given the frequency with which teens report sexual activity, counseling regarding effective contraceptive methods and appropriate screening for sexually transmitted infections is necessary. During their transition through puberty, disorders of menstruation become a common complaint requiring the attention of the gynecologist. Most commonly, anovulation is the etiology of such bleeding. Polycystic ovarian syndrome may develop in early puberty and carry consequences to adulthood. Finally, the consequences of endometriosis on the future fertility of adolescents have brought early intervention to light. Recognition and prompt treatment are advocated to prevent the future implications of this disease. Given new developments in the field of adolescent reproductive health, we review highlights in recent guidelines and practice patterns in evaluation and management of adolescent gynecologic issues. Unique clinical problems in adolescents require particular expertise, caring, and consideration.

Key words
adolescent care, contraception, gynecology, teenagers


Full text
(english)
para suscriptores/ assinantes

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos del Mundo >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría
Relacionadas: Atención Primaria, Educación Médica, Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Epidemiología, Medicina Familiar, Medicina Interna, Medicina Reproductiva, Salud Pública



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 14.8 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Meredith Snook, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, 300 Halket Street, Room 2314, Pittsburgh, EE.UU.
Bibliografía del artículo
1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. A guideline for women's health care. 3a ed. Washington, DC: ACOG; 2007.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Tool kit for teen care. Washington, DC: ACOG; 2003.
3. The physical examination in the pediatric and adolescent patient. In: Sanfilippo JS, Lara-Torre E, Templeman C, Edmonds K, editores. Clinical pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Londres: Informa Healthcare; 2009. p 120.
4. Kaplowitz PB, Oberfield SE, and the Drug and Therapeutics and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Reexamnation of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: implications for evaluations and treatment. Pediatrics 104(4 Pt 1):936-941, 1999.
5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. ACOG committee opinion No. 349. Obstet Gynecol 108(5):1323-1328, 2006.
6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Primary and preventive care: periodic assessments. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 292. Obstet Gynecol 102(5 Pt 1):1117-1124, 2003.
7. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, Moscicki AB, Romanowski B, Roteli-Martins CM, et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow up from a randomized control trial. Lancet 367(9518):1247-1255, 2006.
8. Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, Andrade RP, Ault KA, Giuliano AR, et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol 6(5):271-278, 2005.
9. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cervical cytology screening. ACOG practice bulletin No. 109. Obstet Gynecol 114(6):1409-1420, 2009.
10. Smith CA. Factors associated with early sexual activity among urban adolescents. Soc Work 42(4):334-346, 1997.
11. Teen sexual behavior and contraceptive use: data from the youth risk behavior survey. Washington, DC: The National Campaign; 2010 Jun [Citado 2011 Sept 28]. Disponible en: www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/pdf/FastFacts-YRBS2009.pdf. Consultado Noviembre 23, 2012.
12. Family planning objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010 [Citado 2011 Sept 28]. Disponible en: healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=13. Consultado Noviembre 23, 2012.
13. Thomas MH. Abstinence-based programs for prevention of adolescent pregnancies. A review. J Adolesc Health 26(1):5-17, 2000.
14. Stuart GS, Castano PM. Sexually transmitted infections and contraceptives: selective issues. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 30(4):795-808, 2003.
15. Hewitt G, Cromer B. Update on adolescent contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 27(1):143-162, 2000.
16. Lara-Torre E, Schroeder B, Adolescent compliance and side effects with quick start initiation of oral contraceptive pills. Contraception 66(2):81-85, 2002.
17. Combined (estrogen and progesterone) contraceptives. In: Zieman M, Hatcher RA, Cwiak C, Darney DD, Creinin MD, and Stosur HR, editors. Managing contraception for your pocket. Tiger, Georgia: Bridging the Gap Foundation; 2007. p. 94-116.
18. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA updates labeling for ortho evra contraceptive patch [Internet]. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration; 2005 [Citado 2011 Oct 16]. Disponible en: www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/2005/ucm108517.htm. Consultado Noviembre 23, 2012.
19. Bodner K, Bodner-Alder B, Grunberger W. Evaluation of the contraceptive efficacy, compliance, and satisfaction with the transdermal contraceptive path system evra: a comparison between adolescent and adult users. Arch Gynecol Obstet 283(3):611-616, 2011.
20. Schafer JE, Osborne LM, Davis AR, Westhoff C. Acceptability and satisfaction using quick start with the contraceptive vaginal ring versus an oral contraceptive. Contraception 73(5):488-492, 2006.
21. Graham S, Fraser IS. The progestogen-only mini-pill. Contraception 26(4):373-388, 1982.
22. Rickert VI, Tiezzi L, Lipshutz J, León J, Vaughan RD, Westhoff C. Depo now: preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 40(1):22-28, 2007.
23. Harel Z, Johnson CC, Gold MA, Cromer B, Peterson E, Burkman R, et al. Recovery of bone mineral density in adolescents following the use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptive injections. Contraception 81(4):281-291, 2010.
24. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Prophylactic antibiotics for intrauterine device insertion: a metaanalysis of the randomized controlled trials. Contraception 60(2):57-63, 1999.
25. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Intrauterine device and adolescents. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 392. Obstet Gynecol 110(6):1493-1495, 2007.
26. Le J, Tsourounis C. Implanon: a critical review. Ann Pharmacother 35(3):329-336, 2001.
27. Guazzelli CA, de Queiroz FT, Barbieri M, Torloni MR, de Arauji FF. Etonogestrel implant in adolescents: evaluation of clinical aspects. Contraception 83(4):336-339, 2011.
28. Duffy K, Gold MA. Adolescents and emergency contraception: update 2011. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 23(5):328-333, 2011.
29. Belzer M, Yoshida E, Tejirian R, et al. Advanced supply of emergency contraception for adolescent mothers increased utilization without reducing condom or primary contraception use. Research Presentations. J Adol Health 32:122-123, 2003.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR 59 (RR-12):1-110, 2010.
31. Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases among american youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 36(1):6-10, 2004.
32. 2009 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010 Nov [Citado 2011 Oct 4]. Disponible en: www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/default.htm. Consultado Noviembre 23, 2012.
33. Hoover K, Tao G. Missed opportunities for chlamydia screening of young women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 111(5):1097-1102, 2008.
34. Rimsza ME. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Pediatr Rev 23(7):227-232, 2002.
35. Strickland JL, Wall JW. Abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 30(2):321-335, 2003.
36. Stein IF, Leventhal ML. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 29:181-191, 1935.
37. Kent S, Legro R. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Adoles Med 13(1):73-88, 2002.
38. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Task force on the phenotype of the polycystic ovary syndrome of the Androgen Excess and POCS Society. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fert Steril 91(2):456-488, 2009.
39. Ferriman D, Gallwey J. Clinical assessment of body hair in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:1440-1447, 1961.
40. Coviello AD, Legro RS, Dunaif A. Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome associated with increasing androgen levels independent of obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(2):492-497, 2006.
41. Cook ST, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157(8):821-827, 2003.
42. de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in american adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 110(16):2494-2497, 2004.
43. Reese K, Reddy S, Rock J. Endometriosis in and adolescent population: the Emory experience. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 9(3):125-128, 1996.
44. Dovey S, Sanfilippo J. Endometriosis and the adolescent. Clin Obstet Gyn 53(2):420-428, 2010.
45. von Rokitansky C. Uberusdausen-neubuildung in uterus and ovarian sarcoma. Ztschrdkk Gesellsch Aertweinezu 37: 577, 1860.
46. Sampson J. Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary. Arch Surg 3:245-323, 1921.
47. Bontis J, Vavilis D. Etiopathology of endometriosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 817:305-309, 1997.
48. Fallon J. Endometriosis in youth. JAMA 131:1405-1406, 1946.
49. Marsh EE, Laufer MR. Endometriosis in premenarcheal girls who do not have an associated obstructive anomaly. Fertil Steril 83(3):758-760, 2005.
50. Revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 43(3):351-352, 1985.
51. Laufer M, Sanfilippo J, Rose G. Adolescent endometriosis: diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 16(3 Suppl.):S3-11, 2003.
52. Schifirin BS, Erez S, Moore JG. Teenage endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:973-980, 1973.
53. Goldstein DP, deCholnoky C, Leventhal JM, Emans SJ. New insights into the old problem of chronic pelvic pain. J Pedatr Surg 14:675-680, 1979.
54. Gao X, Yeh YC, Outley J, Simon J, Botteman M, Spalding J. Health-related quality of life burden of women with endometriosis: a literature review. Curr Med Res Opin 22(9):1787-1797, 2006.
55. Sanfilippo J, Wakim NG, Schikler K, et al. Endometriosis in association with uterine anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154(1):39-43, 1986.
56. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Endometriosis in adolescents. ACOG committee opinion No. 310. Obstet Gynecol 105(4):921-927, 2005.
57. Vercellini P, Vendola N, Trespidi L, Marchini M, Colombo A, Crosignani PG. A gondaotropin-releasing hormone agonist vs. a low-dose oral contraceptive for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 60(1):75-79, 1993.
58. Vercellini P, De George O, Aimi G. Menstrual characteristics in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 90(2):264-268, 1997.
59. Moghisi K. Medical treatment of endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 42(3):620-632, 1999.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618